Only U.S. citizens are eligible to vote in this fall's election for president and other top offices. While that's nothing new, the potential for noncitizens to register or vote has been receiving a lot of attention lately.
Citing an influx of immigrants in recent years at the U.S.-Mexico border, Republicans have raised concerns about 鈥� something that has rarely occurred in the past. In Congress, House Speaker Mike Johnson is seeking to link an extension of federal government spending authority to a proposal requiring states to when registering people to vote.
In various states, GOP officials have launched reviews of voter rolls, issued executive orders and placed constitutional amendments on state ballots as part of an emphasis on thwarting noncitizen voting. Some Democrats contend the measures could create hurdles for legal voters, are unnecessary and lead people to believe the problem of noncitizens voting is bigger than it really is.
What does the law say?A makes it illegal for noncitizens to vote in elections for president or members of Congress. Violators can be fined and imprisoned for up to a year. They can also be deported.
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When people register to vote, they confirm under penalty of perjury that they are U.S. citizens. Federal law requires states to regularly maintain their voter rolls and remove anyone who is ineligible, a process that could identify immigrants living in the country illegally.
No state constitutions explicitly allow noncitizens to vote, and many states have laws that prohibit noncitizens from voting for state offices such as governor or attorney general. But some municipalities in California, Maryland and Vermont, as well as the District of Columbia, do allow voting by noncitizens in some local elections such as for school board and city council.
What is Congress doing?Congress needs to approve a stopgap spending bill before the Sept. 30 end of the budget year to avoid a government shutdown. At the urging of some Republicans, Johnson is seeking to combine a six-month extension of government spending with a measure requiring proof of citizenship, such as birth certificate or passport, to register to vote.
Johnson said Congress has a responsibility to "ensure that only American citizens can decide American elections.鈥�
The plan is similar to a bill Republicans pushed earlier this year known as the . That legislation in July largely along partisan lines but has not come to a vote in the Democratic-led Senate.
House Democratic Leader Hakeem Jeffries said Monday that to require proof of citizenship for voter registration. He said the stopgap spending bill should be free of 鈥減artisan policy changes.鈥�
The Biden administration also has opposed the Republican efforts while asserting that existing laws against noncitizen voting are working.
What does the data say?Data from states indicates that But Republican officials have highlighted voter registration reviews that turned up potential noncitizens.
Texas Gov. Greg Abbott, a Republican, said last month that more than 6,500 potential noncitizens have been removed from Texas voter rolls since 2021, including 1,930 with 鈥渁 voter history鈥� who have been referred for investigation by the attorney general鈥檚 office. Texas has almost 18 million registered voters.
Ohio Secretary of State Frank LaRose, a Republican, said in August that he referred for potential prosecution 138 apparent in a recent election and 459 more who registered but did not vote. Those figures were higher than reviews from previous years but a small fraction of the more than 8 million registered voters in Ohio.
Alabama Secretary of State Wes Allen, a Republican, recently announced that 3,251 people previously identified as noncitizens by the federal government are being on the state's voter registration rolls. They will be required to provide proof of citizenship and fill out a form to vote this fall. Alabama has more than 3 million registered voters.
In Georgia, Republican Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger found that 1,634 potential noncitizens tried to register to vote between 1997 and 2022, though election officials flagged them and none was registered. Georgia registered millions of other voters during that time.
Some election administration experts have said the voter roll reviews show that current tools to flag noncitizen voters are working.
What do the courts say?Arizona provides a case study for the long-running attempts by Republicans to prohibit noncitizen voting.
Under a 2004 voter-approved initiative, Arizona required a driver鈥檚 license, birth certificate, passport or other similar document to approve a federal voter registration application. But the that Arizona cannot require documentary proof of citizenship for people to vote in federal elections.
The state responded by creating two classes of voters. For state and local elections, voters must provide proof of citizenship when they register or have it on file with the state. But because that cannot be required in presidential and congressional elections, tens of thousands of voters who have not provided proof of citizenship are registered only for federal elections.
will allow voter registration forms submitted without 鈥渄ocumentary proof of citizenship鈥� to be rejected by Arizona counties while litigation over the law continues. People will be able to register to vote in presidential and congressional elections using a different federal form that requires people to swear they are citizens under penalty of perjury, without requiring proof.
What's on the ballot?Republican-led legislatures in eight states have on their November ballots declaring that only citizens can vote.
Proposals in Iowa, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Wisconsin would replace existing constitutional provisions stating that 鈥渆very鈥� citizen or 鈥渁ll鈥� citizens can vote with new wording saying 鈥渙nly鈥� citizens can vote. Supporters contend the current wording does not necessarily bar noncitizens from voting.
In Idaho and Kentucky, the proposed amendments would explicitly state: 鈥淣o person who is not a citizen of the United States鈥� can vote. Similar wording won approval from Louisiana voters two years ago.
Voters in North Dakota, Colorado, Alabama, Florida and Ohio passed amendments between 2018 and 2022 restricting voting to 鈥渙nly鈥� citizens.
What else are states doing?Although noncitizen voting already is prohibited in the state constitution, Republican Gov. Jeff Landry of Louisiana is continuing to draw attention to the issue. He recently requiring state agencies that provide voter registration forms to include a written disclaimer that noncitizens are prohibited from voting.
In Georgia, Raffensperger is requiring every polling place to post a sign in English and Spanish warning noncitizens that it is illegal to vote.
Republican Attorney General Ken Paxton of Texas, citing 鈥渟ignificant growth of the noncitizen population" in the state, set up a special email account to report suspected violations of election laws.
In Wisconsin, Republicans have filed a pair of similar lawsuits in recent weeks that challenge the state鈥檚 process for verifying whether a registered voter is a citizen. The lawsuits seek court orders requiring the elections commission to perform checks to ensure there are no registered voters who are noncitizens.
North Carolina Republicans have sued the state election board, alleging it is not enforcing a new law aimed at removing people from voter rolls who seek jury duty exclusions because they are not citizens.
Tennessee's top election office sent letters in June asking for from more than 14,000 registered voters, though those who failed to respond won't be barred from voting. The list was based on data from the state Department of Safety and Homeland Security, which has information about whether residents were U.S. citizens when they first interacted with that department.
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Associated Press writers Scott Bauer in Madison, Wisconsin, and Ali Swenson in New York contributed to this report.
