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President Biden has called on states and localities to do more to encourage people to get vaccinated, including

For many states, offering incentives to get the jab is not new. From to and even lotteries totaling up to in some cases, several spots in the U.S. have gotten to get vaccinations in arms.

But do incentives work? Yes... and no.

Financial incentives have motivated some people to get vaccinated. Ohio's announcement of the boosted vaccination rates by 28% in less than a week, according to the . The state has also already offered $100 incentive programs, as have New Mexico and .

Surveys done by reported that around one-third of unvaccinated individuals said they would get a vaccine for cash.

But in states such as , vaccination rates remain low despite incentive programs. And while incentives in other states have had better luck, their success has been in many cases, including Ohio's.

In an interview with NPR's Ari Shapiro on , behavioral economist and University of Pennsylvania professor Katy Milkman said that cash incentives tend to work on groups within the population known as "the movable middle" — people who are on the fence about getting a vaccine, but not totally opposed.

"​​If someone is adamantly opposed to vaccination, they have a strong reason that they would never get a vaccine, paying them $100 is very unlikely to change their minds," she said.

So what targets all groups? Marketing. Experts like Stanford professor of medicine and economics Kevin Schulman that the money states have used to incentivize people to get a vaccine could have been better spent promoting vaccines themselves to groups unwilling to get them.

"I would go back to those lottery states and ask how much did you spend on the lottery and how much could you have spent on Facebook ads that could appeal to those populations?" Schulman said.

Josie Fischels is an intern on NPR's News Desk.

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